Shaandhada biyaha ee si toos ah loo geliyo, 5 ilbiriqsi si fudud u beddel shaandhada, Kharash yar oo iibka kadib ah.
Sifeyn aad u fiican Waxay ilaalisaa macdanaha faa'iidada leh, oo ku habboon in loo isticmaalo meelaha leh tayada biyaha oo wanaagsan
Ka saar walxaha yaryar ee molecular-ka ah, colloid-ka iyo bakteeriyada biyaha
Qalabka: UPAN
Nolosha adeegga shaandhada: 18-24 bilood
Hayso macdan badan
Qaabkan kartoonada shaandhada waxaa loo samayn karaa PP, kaarboon firfircoon, RO iyo shaandho isku dhafan.
Ku habboon noocyada kala duwan ee mashiinnada
Hoos saxanka iyo miiska cuntada
Shaandhada si xor ah ayaa loo waafajin karaa, 2, 3 ama 4 shaandho ayaa la dhigi karaa iyadoo loo eegayo booska gudaha ee mashiinka oo dhan.
Isku darka 3 shaandho: 1) PP + RO + C 2) PP + PAC + RO
3)PAC + RO + C
PS PAC waa shaandho isku dhafan
